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P. Muthupandi ¹, C. Sekhar ², K. R. Karunakaran ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore – 641 003, IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003, IN

Abstract

Objectives: Red Chilli is the principal spice exported to different nations from India. Even though the production and export of Red Chilli is on the increasing side, there are certain barriers which actually hinder the trade and hence the study has focused on identifying the Non-Tariff Barriers and its impact on Production and Export of Red Chilli in Tamil Nadu.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The researcher has chosen Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai and Thoothukkudi Districts as study area among the 32 districts in Tamil Nadu owing to higher area under Chilli cultivation. For the study, 120 sample farms have been chosen following a Three-Stage Random Sampling Technique. Using the time series data, the production and export performance were assessed following a Compound Growth Rate Analysis and Cop-pock’s Instability Index was also used to test the instability if any in the export trade.

Findings: Remarkable achievement in productivity of Chilli is visible only during the period of 2016-17. It might be due to the practice of adoption of precision technologies at field. The steady growth in productivity is visible from 2005-06 because of the intervention of National Horticulture Mission focusing area expansion and productivity enhancement. One of the foremost restrictions in the Consignment of Red Chilli is prevention of Pesticide Residues and the Aflatoxin toxicity. The standards set by the various importing countries for different forms of the Chilli produce varies from country to country. In this context, different export norms have to be followed by the exporters. Another issue is, the export of Red Chilli has faced some instability. The export of Chilli found to be on the higher value in terms of both Indian Rupees and US dollars during pre-globalization period and however it could be found decreasing during the post globalization era. Post Globalization period has faced decreasing trend in the export of Chilli Spice when compared to the Pre-implementation of globalization.

Applications: Findings of the study will be a guiding force to the exporters of Red Chilli in learning the regulations in vogue, product standards prescribed by different nations for follow up. Strict adherence of regulations, and the export trade has grown. Considering the performance of trade, National Horticulture Mission is taking effort to establish Spice Parks on need basis to boost the production and export to facilitate supply.

Keywords

Trade Barriers, Export of Spices, Export of Chilli, Export Instability, Export Regulations, Trade Performance.

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P. Muthupandi ¹, C. Sekhar ¹, A. Anitha Pauline ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology (CARDS), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

The chilli being the Universal spice, the entry of number of traders into the trading activities both in domestic as well as export market is widening. The secret of increase in the number of traders and exporters is to gain higher foreign exchange through export when compared to the local market sale of red chilli. While entering into the export trade, even though the traders were in possession of import-export code, they depend some of the export houses for hassle free export besides meeting the local needs. While exporting certain products, the traders could come across certain common barriers which hinders their trade either directly or indirectly. The traders perception on the common barriers were obtained from the sample traders based on the finalized statements which was adjudged by the experts in the social sciences were provided with scores which ranges from ‘01’ to ‘05’ following a five point continuum of likert scale. Among the ten common barriers to trade identified, the perception of the traders were centered around 4.04 mean score for the sanitary and phyto sanitary issues highlighted that this issue becomes a big barrier to the traders followed by Government regulations, import quota and the certification requirements were also equally contributing as a barrier to the traders which was confirmed from their respective mean scores ranging between 3.6 to 4.0. From that one could prioritize the barrier which is found to be common among the traders and one could take appropriate effort to solve the problems that emanate from the barriers.

Keywords

Perception of Traders, Common Barriers to Trade, Hidden Barriers to Trade, Scaling Techniques, Likert Scaling Technique.

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P. Muthupandi ¹, C. Sekhar ¹, K. R. Karunakaran ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

The international organization for standardization has defined the traceability as the ability to follow the movement of food or feed through the specified stages of production, processing and distribution.Chilli is one of the principal spice exported to several countries during the pre and post-globalization era. Pesticide residues and presence of Aflatoxins in the samples of chilli cautioned the import destinations to choose the concept of traceability. Traceability addresses the hygienic production, processing and value addition practices stage by stage and framed certain minimum standards for export of chilli. Following the standards, how the traceability is addressed from farm to fork is discussed in detail and at the same time the socio-economic impact of traceability is also addressed for redefining the trade.

Keywords

Traceability, Traceability Systems, Value Chain, Socio-Economic Impact of Farming Community.

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C. Sekhar ¹, M. Karthikeyan ², A. Divakaran ¹, Zhou Deyi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
2 College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, CN
3 Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, CN

Abstract

Cross border e-Commerce is the general term for purchases made online from businesses in other countries. It involves buying of preferred commodities via websites in other countries or through the online stores available in India. Indian e- Commerce space in this respect is widening day by day. Advent of Technology permits shrinkage of border across the nations and promote online shopping. With the increase in number of online shoppers, the strength of online shopping set to grow exponentially both in volume and value. Preference of varieties, product choices, quality of the produce and its inspection online, comparing the price at the different websites for the similar produce, comparatively lesser price in the online stores when examining the same with the produce sold in the malls or retail stores, congestion in the city traffic and the existence of fatigue among the sales personnel at the malls or business environments forced the consumer and the business personnel to go for online shopping. Around 60 per cent of the respondents have performed their shopping domestically while 35 per cent of the shoppers do shopping in both domestic and cross border e-commerce and around 5 per cent preferred only cross border shopping in the online stores abroad. Online retail sales in China has reached $752 billion during the year 2016 representing 26.20 per cent growth when one could compare the same during the year 2015, it is almost double the growth rate of overall retail sales. When we compare the same with India, the Indian e-Commerce revenue is anticipated to move from $ 26 billion in 2016 to $ 103 billion in 2020 revealed that China is found to be the world leader in e-Commerce trade. But if one could compare the India’s annual growth rate of e-Commerce, it is arrived at 51 per cent while the Chinese e-Commerce market is prevailing at only 18 per cent. The success was mainly attributed to the existence of e-Commerce organizations across India particularly the role played by the Flip kart, Snap Deal and U.S based Amazon. Besides the trade of non-agricultural produce, the agriculture based products and grocery shopping has become the priority produce for the Indian consumers. Compared to China, food product trade is expected to be little higher in Indian online retail. In fact, the penetration levels of online grocery shopping in India are already higher when compared to China from the year 2008-09 onwards. Continued interest in getting the produce at the doorstep of the consumers and the product quality found to be the main reasons apart from price to the city consumers. Food, feed, seed, grains, crop services, crop inputs, farm equipment, agricultural implements and machinery and their parts were found to be the main items of purchase through e-Commerce mode in India and other e-Commerce websites. Lack of Professional Research and Development Team, content based website purely for agricultural and allied produce availability is relatively small, the utilization rate of such website is also small, most of the agricultural websites are lacking professionalism of agriculture, the design and contents of the websites are less attractive are the reasons for slow pick up. Most of the agricultural websites are incapable of reflecting the agricultural information, for help analysis, decision making and the production related information are found to be dismal resulted in poor production, supply and marketing benefits through online. For that the futuristic approaches are to be prioritized with a special form on student exchange programme. In future, the agricultural products will gradually become industrialized such as industrial chain factories in the whole process become more and more standardized. Awareness creation exercises are to be intensified with appropriate higher education programme as evidenced in China are the need of the hour in India to boost the cross border e-Commerce in India. Besides, this paper is also going to attempt on the number of e-Commerce institutions promoting this e-Commerce applications and factors influencing cross border e-Commerce were also discussed.

Keywords

E-Commerce, Cross Border E- Commerce, E-Commerce Institutions, Online Stores, B2B, B2C.

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N. Vinayagamoorthi ¹, C. Sekhar ², N. Venkatesa Palanichamy ¹, M. Sivakumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

The study was carried out in Central Tamil Nadu focusing Tiruchirappalli district wherein banana cultivation was carried out in a larger scale. Anthanallur, Lalgudi and Thottiam were the study areas in which 300 farm households who are cultivating different varieties of banana were sampled following a three stage random sampling technique. Four principal varieties of banana were cultivated in the study area. They were Yelakki, Nendran, Poovan and Rasthali. When comparing the gross return generated by different varieties, Yelakki, Rasthali and Nendran were the promising varieties capable of providing more than six lakhs as gross income and the net return per ha was arrived at only 2.50 lakhs leaving the returns per rupee of investment to the tune of only 1.56. Higher cost involvement was mainly due to the non-practice of modern technologies at field and hence, poor productivity was also visualized. Among different varieties of banana, the Poovan variety was found to generate lesser return and hence the value addition aspects need to be explored to enhance the production and productivity of Poovan variety of banana.

Keywords

Varieties of Banana, Economic Appraisal, Costs and Returns, Banana Economy.

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N. Vinayagamoorthi ¹, C. Sekhar ², N. Venkatesa Palanichamy ¹, K. Harishankar ², P. Balaji ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Among the major banana producing states, Tamil Nadu is the pioneer state in production of banana and its productivity is found to be very low when compared to the Gujarat and Maharashtra. In this respect, to assess the reasons for poor productivity of banana, a research study was undertaken with the principal objective of assessing the costs and returns and the technical efficiency of banana production in the Central Tamil Nadu. The resource use efficiency analysis indicated that the inputs like human labour, suckers, manure, weedicide, pesticide and nitrogen were found to be statistically significant across all varieties of banana and hence, these are contributive to yield of banana. When one could examine the actual productivity of banana in Tiruchirappalli district, the farmers could realize very low level of productivity because of non-practice of modern technology like precision farming approaches. In this respect, the farmers should be taken to the states like Gujarat and Maharashtra for an exposure visit to learn the modern techniques of raising banana plantations to realize higher productivity.

Keywords

Resource Use Efficiency, Technical Efficiency, Production of Banana, Marketing Efficiency, Price Spread.

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